| Endorsements by Newspapers and Magazines | 2000
Endorsements.
Endorsements in the 2004 Democratic Primaries. |
Why do newspapers endorse
or not endorse? William B. Ketter, editor-in-chief of the Eagle-Tribune
(Lawrence, MA), wrote in a Nov. 7, 2004 editorial, "Since editorial board
members follow the political process more closely than many readers, we
feel we owe it to them to say who we think can best serve the public interest."
However many local papers maintain a local focus and do not endorse in
the presidential race. An editor at The
Reporter (Fond du Lac, WI) stated, "Our policy in 2004
was to endorse races where we were able to interview the candidates in
person. We made endorsements from the US Senate race down to local
races. No presidential." Similarly an editor at the Ashland Daily
Press (WI) explained that "we never actually see the candidates."
And an editor at the Wisconsin
Rapids Daily Tribune noted that in terms of the presidential race the
endorsement of local paper doesn't "mean a hill of beans...readers had
made up their minds." One local endorsement which did receive significant
attention was that of Bush's "hometown" paper; the Lone Star Iconoclast
(Crawford,
TX) endorsed Kerry. Another interesting phenomenon is the
"non-endorsement." This can take the form of conservative or liberal
paper failing to endorse the ideologically obvious choice (the most noted
example in 2004 was the Tampa Tribune's editorial "Why We Cannot
Endorse President Bush For Re-Election")or a kind of mush ("We know Bush
can be president. We also think Kerry could do the job, too," opined
the Ottumwa Courier). If there is editorial board deadlock,
or if the publisher has a view that differs from the editors difficulties
can arise.1
Certainly a paper's owners have the final word, although that word may
be tempered. For example, the Salt
Lake City Tribune endorsed President Bush, but its
endorsement was not exactly glowing. In letters to the editor, readers
noted it was "tepid," "reads like satire," and "lists mistake after mistake."
Reader Ken Roach suggested the Bush nod was due to the fact that the paper's
"CEO, William Dean Singleton, is a longtime friend and financial supporter
of President Bush." Finally
timing is an issue as well. Editors must take into account the increasing
numbers of voters opting to vote early or by absentee ballot, and where
the presidential endorsement fits in the overall series of endorsements
of state and local candidates that they are making. Although the
Philadelphia
Daily News made its endorsement unusually early, on June 16, 2004,
a vast majority of endorsements were made in October; Sunday Oct. 24 was
a particularly busy day. The process by which newspapers make
endorsements, the timing of them, and the various arguments made for and
against the candidates offer rich areas for academic study.
Note 1: Good insights into
the dynamics of an endorsement meeting: Michael Arrietta-Walden.
"The Public Editor How The Choice Was Made to Endorse Kerry." The
Sunday Oregonian. Oct. 10, 2004, page F01.
Methodology:The starting point for this section was information from the campaigns; the 527 group America Coming Together also sent out some details of newspaper endorsements; information from Editor&Publisher, which did outstanding work, and from Lexis-Nexis searches was then integrated into the list. For people keeping tally, Editor&Publisher found that 213 daily newspapers with a daily circulation of 20.8 million endorsed Kerry and 205 daily newspapers with a daily circulation of 15.7 million endorsed Bush. The list below does include some weekly papers for which information was available.
Full texts of several endorsements as well as a few remaining links are included below in order to allow readers to consider and analyze the arguments made for and against the candidates. DEMOCRACY IN ACTION gratefully acknowledges the papers who have granted permission to reprint their endorsements.
General Election
| Bush | Kerry |
| International
Bild Zeitung (10/26/04) ...German tabloid |
International
Le Monde (10/30/04) ...France *The Economist (10/28/04) > Although based in London, The Economist notes it has weekly sales in the United States of about 450,000 or "three times our British sale and roughly 45% of our worldwide total." Financial Times (10/25/04) ...London |
| National
National Review (10/22/04...appears in 11/ /04 issue) > |
National
The New Yorker (10/25/04...issue of 11/01/04) > The New Republic The Nation (10/21/04) > Rolling Stone > |
| Alabama
Birmingham News (10/24/04) Mobile Register (09/26/04) The Times Daily [Florence] The Gadsden Times Birminingham Post-Herald |
Alabama
Decatur Daily (10/24/04) Tuscaloosa News (10/24/04) The Anniston Star (10/19/04) Montgomery Advertiser |
| Alaska | Alaska
Anchorage Daily News (10/30/04) Nome Nugget (10/28/04) |
| Arizona
Arizona Republic (10/17/04) |
Arizona
Arizona Daily Star [Tucson] (10/03/04) |
| Arkansas
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette Southwest Times Record (Fort Smith) |
Arkansas
Arkansas Times (10/21/04) ...weekly |
| California
San Diego Union-Tribune (10/17/04) > The Press-Enterprise (Riverside) Long Beach Press-Telegram (Long Beach) San Bernardino Sun The Bakersfield Californian Inland Valley Daily Bulletin The Record (Stockton) The Desert Sun (Palm Springs) San Gabriel Valley Tribune Pasadena Star-News The Reporter (Vacaville) Whittier Daily News |
California
Vallejo Times-Herald (10/31/04) La Opinión (10/25/04) ...largest Spanish language daily in the U.S. *Contra Costa Times (10/24/04) Oakland Tribune (10/24/04) *Monterey County Herald (10/24/04) Ventura County Star (10/24/04) *Los Angeles Daily News (10/23/04) San Francisco Chronicle (10/17/04) Sacramento Bee (10/17/04) Modesto Bee (10/17/04) San Jose Mercury News (10/17/04) Merced Sun-Star (10/16/04) The Press Democrat [Santa Rosa] (09/19/04) |
| Colorado
*Denver Post (10/24/04) Daily Times-Call (Longmont) (10/17/04) Loveland Daily Reporter-Herald (10/17/04) Rocky Mountain News (10/16/04) The Pueblo Chieftain (09/26/04) Daily Record (Canon City) The Daily Sentinel (Grand Junction) |
Colorado
*Greeley Tribune (10/31/04) > Aspen Daily News (10/29/04) Durango Herald (10/24/04) Fort Collins Coloradoan (10/24/04) *Boulder Daily Camera (10/16/04) |
| Connecticut
The News Times [Danbury] (10/31/04) Waterbury Republican-American (10/31/04) Hartford Courant (10/24/04) New Haven Register (10/24/04) The Register Citizen [Torrington] (10/24/04) Connecticut Post [Bridgeport] (10/17/04) |
Connecticut
Record-Journal [Meriden] (10/31/04) Yale Daily News (10/29/04) Norwich Bulletin (10/24/04) *Stamford Advocate (10/24/04) *The Day [New London] (09/26/04) |
| Delaware | Delaware
News Journal (10/31/04) |
| District
of Columbia
Washington Times (10/ /04) |
District
of Columbia
Washington Post (10/24/04) |
| Florida
Florida Times-Union [Jacksonville] (10/31/04) Ocala Star-Banner (10/24/04) The Lakeland Ledger (10/22/04) Naples Daily News |
Florida
Gainesville Sun (10/24/04) *Orlando Sentinel (10/24/04) Sarasota Herald-Tribune (10/24/04) Citrus County Chronicle [Crystal River] (10/24/04) Miami Herald (10/17/04) St. Petersburg Times (10/17/04) South Florida Sun-Sentinel [Ft. Lauderdale] (10/17/04) Palm Beach Post (10/17/04) Daytona Beach News-Journal (10/17/04) *Bradenton Herald (10/17/04) Florida Today [Melbourne] (10/17/04) Fort Pierce Tribune |
| Hawaii | Hawaii
Honolulu Star-Bulletin (10/27/04) > Honolulu Advertiser (10/19/04) |
| Georgia
Augusta Chronicle (10/25/04) Savannah Morning News Athens Banner-Herald The Albany Herald |
Georgia
Macon Telegraph (10/24/04) Atlanta Journal-Constitution (10/09/04) |
| Idaho
The Times-News [Twin Falls] Coeur d'Alene Press (10/24/04) |
Idaho
The Idaho Statesman [Boise] (10/24/04) > Bonner County Daily Bee |
| Illinois
The Journal-Standard [Freeport] (10/24/04) Southern Illinoisan [Carbondale] (10/23/04) Chicago Tribune (10/17/04) The Pantagraph [Bloomington] (10/17/04) The News-Gazette [Champaign-Urbana] (10/17/04) Journal Star [Peoria] Springfield State Journal-Register The Northwest Herald [Crystal Lake] Herald & Review [Decatur] |
Illinois
*Chicago Sun Times (10/24/04) Daily Southtown (10/24/04) *Rockford Register Star (10/24/04) *Daily Herald [Arlington Heights] (10/17/04) Chicago Defender *Edwardsville Intelligencer |
| Indiana
Palladium-Item [Richmond] (10/28/04) The News-Sentinel [Fort Wayne] (10/25/04) Evansville Courier & Press (10/24/04) The Indianapolis Star (10/17/04) Kokomo Tribune |
Indiana
Lafayette Journal and Courier (10/29/04) The Times [Munster] (10/24/04) > The Journal Gazette [Fort Wayne] (10/22/04) |
| Iowa
The Gazette [Cedar Rapids] (10/24/04) Sioux City Journal (10/24/04) The Globe Gazette [Mason City] (10/14/04) |
Iowa
Des Moines Register (10/24/04) > *Quad City Times [Davenport] (10/24/04) *Iowa City Press-Citizen (10/23/04) The Hawk Eye [Burlington] (10/17/04) The Storm Lake Times (10/08/04) ...twice weekly |
| Kansas
The Wichita Eagle |
Kansas
The Hutchinson News (10/25/04) Parsons Sun (10/21/04) The Emporia Gazette |
| Kentucky
Daily News [Bowling Green] (10/24/04) The Daily Independent [Ashland] Glasgow Daily Times The Ledger Independent [Maysville] |
Kentucky
Louisville Courier-Journal (10/24/04) Lexington Herald-Leader (10/17/04) |
| Louisiana
The Daily Advertiser [Lafayette] (10/28/04) |
Louisiana
Shreveport Times (10/24/04) |
| Maine
The Sun Journal [Lewiston] (10/27/04) |
Maine
Journal Tribune [Biddeford] (10/30/04) The Times Record [Brunswick] (10/29/04) Kennebec Journal (10/24/04) *Bangor Daily News (10/23/04) Portland Press Herald (10/10/04) Morning Sentinel [Waterford] |
| Maryland
Easton Star Democrat (10/24/04) |
Maryland
Baltimore Sun (10/31/04) |
| Massachusetts
Cape Cod Times (10/28/04) Sentinel & Enterprise [Fitchburg] (10/25/04) Boston Herald (10/20/04) The Sun [Lowell] (10/03/04) The Eagle-Tribune [Lawrence] |
Massachusetts
*Telegram & Gazette [Worcester] (10/24/04) The Republican [Springfield] (10/24/04) Boston Globe (10/17/04) MetroWest Daily News [Framingham] The Standard-Times [New Bedford] The Berkshire Eagle [Pittsfield] Milford Daily News |
| Michigan
The Grand Rapids Press (10/17/04) The Oakland Press (10/10/04) Kalamazoo Gazette The Ann Arbor News The Macomb Daily Jackson Citizen Patriot The Herald Palladium [St. Joseph] Midland Daily News The Daily Telegram [Adrian] The Daily Mining Gazette [Houghton] The Daily Press [Escanaba] The Daily News [Greenville] Ludington Daily News Sturgis Journal Niles Daily Star |
Michigan
The Bay City Times (10/24/04) *The Flint Journal (10/24/04) Lansing State Journal (10/24/04) Traverse City Record-Eagle (10/24/04) > Time Herald [Port Huron] (10/24/04) Battle Creek Enquirer (10/17/04) Livingston County Daily Press & Argus (10/17/04) The Muskegon Chronicle (10/17/04) Detroit Free Press (10/04/04) The Saginaw News The Argus-Press [Owosso] Petoskey News-Review The Daily Globe [Ironwood] |
| Minnesota
St. Paul Pioneer Press (10/31/04) Bemidji Pioneer (10/24/04) > |
Minnesota
St. Cloud Times (10/29/04) Star Tribune [Minneapolis] (10/17/04) Duluth News Tribune (10/17/04) Mankato Free Press (10/17/04) |
| Mississippi
*The Clarion-Ledger (10/31/04) |
Mississippi |
| Missouri
St. Joseph News-Press (10/31/04) Joplin Globe (10/30/04) Lebanon Daily Record (10/29/04) Hannibal Courier-Post |
Missouri
Springfield News-Leader (10/27/04) > *Columbia Daily Tribune (10/17/04) Kansas City Star (10/17/04) St. Louis American (10/17/04) ...African American paper St. Louis Post-Dispatch (10/10/04) |
| Montana | Montana
*Billings Gazette (10/24/04) > |
| Nebraska
Omaha World-Herald (10/17/04) > Lincoln Journal Star The Grand Island Independent McCook Daily Gazette |
Nebraska |
| Nevada
Elko Daily Free Press Las Vegas Review-Journal (09/12/04) |
Nevada
Reno Gazette-Journal (10/24/04) Las Vegas Sun (10/24/04) Las Vegas Mercury (10/17/04) ...alternative weekly Nevada Appeal [Carson City] (10/17/04) |
| New
Hampshire
Foster's Daily Democrat (10/21/04) The Union Leader [Manchester] (10/14/04) |
New
Hampshire
Valley News (10/24/04) Keene Sentinel (10/24/04) The Telegraph [Nashua] (10/24/04) Portsmouth Herald (10/24/04) Concord Monitor (10/20/04) |
| New
Jersey
Trentonian (10/29/04) > Asbury Park Press [Neptune] (10/24/04) > |
New
Jersey
Jersey Journal [Jersey City] (10/30/04) *Courier Post [Camden] (10/28/04) > The Daily Journal [Vineland] (10/25/04) Gloucester County Times [Woodbury] (10/24/04) The Times [Trenton] (10/24/04) The Star-Ledger [Newark] (10/24/04) > The Record [Bergen County] (10/24/04) Courier-News [Bridgewater] (10/24/04) The Daily Record [Parsippany] (10/24/04) |
| New
Mexico
Albuquerque Journal (10/31/04) > Daily Times [Farmington] (10/24/04) Las Cruces Sun-News (10/17/04) Carlsbad Current-Argus (10/17/04) |
New
Mexico
Santa Fe New Mexican (10/24/04) *Albuquerque Tribune (10/12/04) |
| New
York
*New York Daily News (10/31/04) > The Record [Troy] (10/31/04) > Poughkeepsie Journal (10/24/04) New York Post (10/22/04) > New York Sun (10/15/04) |
New
York
Albany Times Union (10/31/04) > Corning Leader (10/31/04) > Ithaca Journal (10/29/04) > Newsday (10/24/04) The Buffalo News (10/24/04) *The Journal News [Westchester/Rockland] (10/24/04) > New York Times (10/17/04) Rochester Democrat and Chronicle Staten Island Advance The Daily Star [Oneota] The Post-Star [Glens Falls] *Star-Gazette [Elmira] |
| North
Carolina
The Enterprise-Record [Mocksville] |
North
Carolina
News & Observer [Raleigh] (10/24/04) Asheville Citizen Times (10/24/04) Daily Advance [Elizabeth City] (10/24/04) > The Pilot [Southern Pines] (10/20/04) Charlotte Observer (10/17/04) Greenville Daily Reflector (10/17/04) Star-News [Wilmington] News & Record [Greensboro] |
| North
Dakota
The Forum [Fargo] (10/24/04) > Minot Daily News |
North
Dakota
Bismarck Tribune (10/24/04) > Grand Forks Herald (10/17/04) |
| Ohio
Columbus Dispatch (10/24/04) > Cincinnati Enquirer (10/24/04) > Mansfield News-Journal (10/24/04) > Chillicothe Gazette (10/24/04) > The News-Herald [Lake County] (10/24/04) The Independent [Massillon] (10/24/04) > Cincinnati Post (10/23/04) > Canton Repository (10/17/04) The Courier [Findlay] (10/06/04) The Vindicator [Youngstown] Times Reporter [New Philadelphia] The Advocate [Newark] |
Ohio
Zanesville Times Recorder (10/27/04) Toledo Blade (10/24/04) Akron Beacon Journal (10/17/04) Dayton Daily News (10/17/04) |
| Oklahoma
The Oklahoman (10/24/04) Tulsa World (10/10/04) Enid News & Eagle The Shawnee News-Star |
Oklahoma
Muskogee Daily Phoenix |
| Oregon
The News-Review [Roseburg] (10/18/04) The Bulletin [Bend] Albany Democrat-Herald Daily Courier [Grants Pass] Argus Observer [Ontario] |
Oregon
Daily Astorian (10/18/04) Mail Tribune [Medford] (10/17/04) *The Oregonian (10/10/04) The Register Guard [Eugene] Statesman Journal [Salem] The World [Coos Bay] East Oregonian [Pendleton] |
| Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (10/31/04) The Express-Times [Easton] (10/24/04) Erie Times-News York Daily Record Altoona Mirror Lebanon Daily News The Sentinel [Carlisle] |
Pennsylvania
Observer-Reporter [Washington] The Citizens' Voice [Wilkes-Barre] (10/25/04) *Herald-Standard [Uniontown] (10/25/04) > Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (10/24/04) *Morning Call [Allentown] (10/24/04) Centre Daily Times [State College] (10/24/04) Times Leader [Wilkes-Barre] (10/17/04) Philadelphia Inquirer (10/10/04) Philadelphia Daily News (06/16/04) ...first major newspaper to make an endorsement Bucks County Courier Times Doylestown Intelligencer Beaver County Times |
|
Rhode Island The Providence Journal (10/31/04) |
Rhode Island |
| South
Carolina
The Item [Sumter] *Herald-Journal [Spartanburg] The State [Columbia] The Post and Courier [Charleston] The Greenville News The Times and Democrat [Orangeburg] |
South
Carolina
The Herald [Rock Hill] (10/24/04) Anderson Independent Mail Sun News [Myrtle Beach] |
|
South Dakota The Daily Republic [Mitchell] (10/29/04) The Rapid City Journal The Argus Leader (10/24/04) |
South Dakota |
| Tennessee
The Knoxville News-Sentinel (10/24/04) The Kingsport Times-News (10/24/04) The Chattanooga Free Press (10/24/04) Johnson City Press The Leaf-Chronicle [Clarksville] |
Tennessee
The Tennessean (10/24/04) *The Commercial Appeal [Memphis] (10/24/04) The Chattanooga Times (10/24/04) Nashville Scene (10/21/04) ...weekly Jackson Sun (10/17/04) |
| Texas
Houston Chronicle (10/24/04) > Austin American-Statesman (10/24/04) Dallas Morning News (10/17/04) San Antonio Express-News (10/17/04) El Paso Times (10/17/04) Fort Worth Star-Telegram (10/17/04) The Victoria Advocate (10/16/04) Amarillo Globe-News (09/12/04) |
Texas
*Corpus Christi Caller Times (10/24/04) Waco Tribune-Herald (10/24/04) > Lufkin Daily News (10/24/04) Longview News-Journal (10/24/04) > The Baytown Sun (10/17/04) Citizen's Advocate Newspaper [Coppell] (10/13/04) ...weekly Lone Star Iconoclast [Crawford] (09/28/04) ...weekly |
| Utah
Salt Lake City Tribune (10/23/04) > |
Utah |
| Vermont | Vermont
Times Argus [Barre-Montpelier] (10/30/04) > Brattleboro Reformer (10/30/04) Bennington Banner (10/30/04) Burlington Free Press (10/26/04) Rutland Herald (10/26/04) |
| Virginia
Richmond Times-Dispatch (10/17/04) The Free Lance-Star [Fredericksburg] (10/17/04) > Bristol Herald-Courier News Advance [Lynchburg] Daily New-Record [Harrisonburg] Danville Register & Bee The Daily News Leader [Stauton] Potomac News [Woodbridge] |
Virginia
Daily Press [Hampton Roads] (10/24/04) The Virginian Pilot [Hampton Roads] (10/21/04) > Roanoke Times (10/17/04) |
| Washington
King County Journal [Bellevue] (10/24/04) > Spokesman-Review [Spokane] (10/17/04) The Columbian [Vancouver] (10/10/04) Yakima Herald-Republic The Daily News [Longview] The Chronicle [Centralia] |
Washington
The Olympian (10/24/04) > Tacoma News Tribune (10/24/04) > *Tri-City Herald [Richland] (10/24/04) *Bremerton Sun (10/24/04) Everett Herald (10/24/04) *Walla Walla Union Bulletin (10/22/04) Grand Coulee Star (10/13/04) Seattle Post-Intelligencer (10/10/04) > *Seattle Times (08/27/04) Port Townsend Leader |
| West
Virginia
Morgantown Dominion Post (10/31/04) Parkersburg News (10/24/04) The Intelligencer [Wheeling] (10/23/04) Bluefield Daily Telegraph (10/23/04) > Charleston Daily Mail (10/15/04) |
West
Virginia
Huntington Herald-Dispatch (10/30/04) Times West Virginian [Fairmont] (10/27/04) Charleston Gazette (10/19/04) |
| Wisconsin
Green Bay Press-Gazette (10/31/04) Shawano Leader (10/31/04) Monroe Times (10/30/04) Daily Telegram [Superior] (10/30/04) Beloit Daily News (10/25/04) > Wisconsin State Journal (10/24/04) > *Post-Crescent [Appleton] (10/24/04) Manitowoc Herald Times Reporter (10/24/04) Janesville Gazette (10/24/04) The Northwestern [Oshkosh] (10/22/04) Chippewa Herald (10/19/04) |
Wisconsin
Sheboygan Press (10/31/04) Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (10/28/04) > Capital Times [Madison] (10/28/04) *La Crosse Tribune (10/27/04) > Green Bay News-Chronicle (10/27/04) Kenosha News (10/24/04) Racine Journal Times (10/24/04) > *Wausau Daily Herald (10/23/04) |
| Specialty-Hispanic
La Opinión (Los Angeles, CA) (10/25/04) El Dia (IL) Siglo 21 (MA) Gente de Minnesota (MN) Lazos Hispanos (MN) El Mundo (NV) Imagen (NM) El Dairio La Prensa (NY) Al Dia (PA) |
Non-Endorsement: Some Examples
Arizona
Tucson Citizen (10/23/04)
Florida
Tampa Tribune (10/17/04)
"Why We Cannot Endorse President
Bush For Re-Election"
Iowa
Ottumwa Courier (11/1/04)
"We know Bush can be president.
We also think Kerry could do the job, too."
Louisiana
The Times-Picayune
In a Oct. 26 letter to the
editor, writer Kathy J. Higgins of Metairie termed the paper's decision
to remain neutral "spineless."
Michigan
The
Detroit News
Minnesota
The Rochester Post-Bulletin
"No-endorsement" endorsement
of Kerry that was seen as noteworthy given the publisher's conservative
bent.
New
York
The Post-Standard [Syracuse]
(10/31/04)
"Your Choice; The Most Important
Endorsement Comes from Voters"
North Carolina
Winston-Salem Journal (10/17/04)
>
"Bush Has Gone Astray"
Pennsylvania
The
Scranton Times
Texas
The Bryan-College Station
Eagle (10/17/04) >
"The Eagle can make no recommendation
for president"
Wisconsin
Marshfield News-Herald
(10/25/04)
The editorial titled "Give
us your unifying vision, candidates" stated, "There's not a clear winner
in our board's or Wisconsinites' minds with only eight days to go."
Stevens Point Journal
editorial board deadlocked
(interestingly in 2000 the ed board had decided to back Bush, but the editor
refused to accede)
NO
ENDORSEMENT
New
Jersey
The
Press [Atlantic City] [10/22/04]
"...a
regional newspaper's endorsement will add little that is new..."
West
Virginia
Clarksburg
Exponent Telegram
"We
do not endorse any candidates at our newspaper. We try to give our
readers as much information on the elections, national or local, that is
possible so that they can make their own decisions."
The
Register-Herald [Beckley]
Wisconsin
Eau
Claire Leader-Telegram
"we do not endorse. our
readers have indicated that they want us to give them enough information
with which to decide and they will do the rest."
The
Reporter (Fond du Lac)
"Our
policy in 2004 was to endorse races where we were able to interview the
candidates in person. We made endorsements from the US Senate race down
to local races. No presidential."
Wisconsin Rapids Daily
Tribune
endorsement of local paper
doesn't "mean a hill of beans...readers had made up their minds"
The Daily News (West
Bend/Washington County)
typically does not endorse
in national races
Portage Daily Register
concentrates on more local
races and was short-staffed
Beaver Dam Daily Citizen
do not endorse in national
elections
Baraboo News Republic
Ashland Daily Press
"we never actually see the
candidates"
Notes:
2000
Endorsements.
Historical:
Gannett endorsements.
Joe Strupp. "Scripps Changes
Policy on Prez Endorsements: Anything Goes This Year." Editor
& Publisher. Sept. 22, 2004.